UPSC Prelims PYQs Subject-wise

UPSC Prelims PYQs Subject-wise

UPSC Prelims PYQs Subject-wise

Ancient History (UPSC Prelims) [2013-2024] – Previous Year Questions

Arts & Culture – UPSC CSE Preliminary (PYQs)
UPSC Prelims PYQs Subject-wise | Arts & Culture

2024

1. Which one of the following was the latest inclusion in the Intangible Cultural Heritage List of UNESCO?

(a) Chhau dance
(b) Durga puja
(c) Garba dance
(d) Kumbh mela

  • The correct answer is (c) Garba dance

    • Garba dance was inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2023, making it the latest addition from India. Chhau dance was inscribed in 2010, Durga Puja in 2021, and Kumbh Mela in 2017.

    What is Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)?

    Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities, groups, and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It goes beyond physical monuments and artifacts, encompassing living traditions and cultural expressions that are passed down from generation to generation.
    ICH also includes instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces associated with these traditions, ensuring that cultural heritage is dynamic, living, and community-centered.
    Domains of Intangible Cultural Heritage (as per UNESCO’s 2003 Convention):
    1. Oral Traditions and Expressions, including language as a vehicle of cultural heritage
    2. Performing Arts
    3. Social Practices, Rituals, and Festive Events
    4. Knowledge and Practices Concerning Nature and the Universe
    5. Traditional Craftsmanship

    India’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Recognized by UNESCO:

    India currently has 15 elements inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, following the addition of Garba of Gujarat in 2023.
    S.No. Intangible Cultural Heritage Element Year of Inscription
    1Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theater2008
    2Tradition of Vedic Chanting2008
    3Ramlila – The Traditional Performance of the Ramayana2008
    4Ramman Festival (Garhwal Himalayas)2009
    5Chhau Dance2010
    6Kalbelia Folk Songs and Dances of Rajasthan2010
    7Mudiyettu – Ritual Theatre and Dance Drama of Kerala2010
    8Buddhist Chanting of Ladakh2012
    9Sankirtana – Ritual Singing, Drumming and Dancing of Manipur2013
    10Traditional Brass and Copper Craft (Thatheras of Jandiala Guru)2014
    11Nowruz2016
    12Yoga2016
    13Kumbh Mela2017
    14Durga Puja in Kolkata2021
    15Garba of Gujarat2023
    2. Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:
    1. Shantiniketan 
    2. Rani-ki-Vav
    3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
    4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya
    How many of the above properties were included in 2023?
    (a) Only one
    (b) Only two
    (c) Only three
    (d) All four

    The correct answer is (b) Only two

    Shantiniketan: Added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023 for its cultural and educational significance, founded by Rabindranath Tagore in West Bengal, India.

    Cultural World Heritage Sites (35)

    Site NameStateYear
    Ajanta CavesMaharashtra1983
    Ellora CavesMaharashtra1983
    Agra FortUttar Pradesh1983
    Taj MahalUttar Pradesh1983
    Sun Temple, KonârakOdisha1984
    Group of Monuments at MahabalipuramTamil Nadu1984
    Churches and Convents of GoaGoa1986
    Khajuraho Group of MonumentsMadhya Pradesh1986
    Group of Monuments at HampiKarnataka1986
    Fatehpur SikriUttar Pradesh1986
    Group of Monuments at PattadakalKarnataka1987
    Elephanta CavesMaharashtra1987
    Great Living Chola TemplesTamil Nadu1987
    Buddhist Monuments at SanchiMadhya Pradesh1989
    Humayun’s TombDelhi1993
    Qutb Minar and its MonumentsDelhi1993
    Mountain Railways of IndiaMultiple1999
    Mahabodhi Temple ComplexBihar2002
    Rock Shelters of BhimbetkaMadhya Pradesh2003
    Chhatrapati Shivaji TerminusMaharashtra2004
    Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological ParkGujarat2004
    Red Fort ComplexDelhi2007
    The Jantar MantarRajasthan2010
    Hill Forts of RajasthanRajasthan2013
    Rani-ki-VavGujarat2014
    Nalanda MahaviharaBihar2016
    Work of Le CorbusierChandigarh2016
    Historic City of AhmedabadGujarat2017
    Gothic and Art Deco EnsemblesMumbai2018
    Jaipur CityRajasthan2019
    Kakatiya Rudreshwara TempleTelangana2021
    DholaviraGujarat2021
    SantiniketanWest Bengal2023
    Sacred Ensembles of HoysalasKarnataka2023
    Moidams of Ahom DynastyAssam2024

    Natural World Heritage Sites (7)

    Site NameStateYear
    Kaziranga National ParkAssam1985
    Manas Wildlife SanctuaryAssam1985
    Keoladeo National ParkRajasthan1985
    Sundarbans National ParkWest Bengal1987
    Nanda Devi and Valley of FlowersUttarakhand1988
    Western GhatsMultiple2012
    Great Himalayan National ParkHimachal Pradesh2014

    Mixed World Heritage Site (1)

    Site NameStateYear
    Khangchendzonga National ParkSikkim2016
    Source:-UNESCO

    2021

    3. Which one of the following statements is correct?

    (a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.
    (b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.
    (c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river.
    (d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river.

  • The correct answer is (a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.

    • (a) Ajanta Caves: The Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra, India, are located in a horseshoe-shaped rock-cut gorge along the Waghora (or Waghur) river. This statement is correct.
    (b) Sanchi Stupa: The Sanchi Stupa, another UNESCO World Heritage Site in Madhya Pradesh, India, is situated on a hilltop, not in the gorge of the Chambal river. The Chambal river is far from Sanchi, so this statement is incorrect.
    (c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines: The Pandu-lena Caves, located near Nashik, Maharashtra, are rock-cut caves near the Godavari river basin, not the Narmada river. Thus, this statement is incorrect.
    (d) Amaravati Stupa: The Amaravati Stupa, in Andhra Pradesh, India, is located on the banks of the Krishna river, not the Godavari river. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

    Only option (a) accurately describes the geographical location of the Ajanta Caves.

    2018

    4. Which one of the following statements is correct?

    Tradition
    State
    1. Chapchar Kut Festival Mizoram
    2. Khongjom Parba ballad Manipur
    3. Thang-Ta dance Sikkim

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2
    (c) 1 and 3
    (d) 2 and 3

  • The correct answer is (b) 1 and 2

    • Pair 1: Chapchar Kut Festival – Mizoram

    Chapchar Kut is a major harvest festival celebrated in *Mizoram, typically in March, marking the completion of jhum cultivation. It involves traditional dances, music, and community feasts. This pair is correct.

    Pair 2: Khongjom Parba ballad – Manipur

    Khongjom Parba is a traditional ballad form from *Manipur, performed to narrate the heroic tales of the Khongjom battle and other historical events, accompanied by the pena (a stringed instrument). This pair is correct.

    Pair 3: Thang-Ta dance – Sikkim

    Thang-Ta is a traditional martial art and dance form from *Manipur, not Sikkim. It involves sword (thang) and spear (ta) techniques, often performed as a dance to showcase combat skills. Sikkim is known for dances like Singhi Chham or Tashi Sabdo. This pair is incorrect.

    Thus, only Pairs 1 and 2 are correct, making option (b) the right answer.

    State-wise List of Indian Festivals

    State/UT Festivals
    Andhra PradeshPitr-Paksha, Mahalaya Amavasya, Noopuraraavam, Numaish, Bhishma Ekadasi, Deccan Festival, Telugu New Year, Ugadi, Sri Rama Navami, Vinayaka Chaturthi, Durga Festival, Nagula Chavithi
    AssamMagh Bihu, Bhogali Bihu, Dehing Patkai Festival, Elephant Festival, Pragjyothi Dance Festival, Bohag Bihu
    Andaman & NicobarIsland Tourism Festival, Swami Vivekananda Jayanti
    Arunachal PradeshBoori Boot, Losar, Tamladu, Oriah, Ali-Aye Ligang, Nyokum, Mopin, Pongtu, Sanken, Moh or Mol, Dree, Solung, Chalo Loku
    BiharChhath Puja, Rajgir Dance Festival, Sonepur Cattle Fair
    Daman and DiuTribal Art Festival, Monsoon Magic Festival, Heritage Festival, Nariyela Poornima
    Dadra & Nagar HaveliHolika Dahan
    DelhiDelhi Book Fair, Taj Mahotsav, Garden Tourism Festival, Mango Festival
    GujaratKutch Rann Utsav, Paragliding Festival, Saptak Music Festival, Kite Festival, Modhera Dance Festival, Tarnetar Fair, Navratri, etc.
    GoaSunburn Festival, Goa Carnival, Sao Joao, Feast of St Francis Xavier, Gokulashtami, Liberation Day
    HaryanaSurajkund Mela, Baisakhi, Haryana Day, Guru Ravidas Birthday, etc.
    Himachal PradeshLosar, Himachal Day, Rakhadumni
    Jammu & KashmirSindhu Darshan, Lavender Festival, Kalachakra, Hemis Festival, Losar, Navratri, etc.
    KarnatakaMakar Sankramana, Pattadakal Festival, Ugadi, Naga Panchami
    KeralaOnam, Vishu, Boat Races, Pooram, Attukal Pongala, Sabarimala, Cochin Carnival, etc.
    Madhya PradeshKhajuraho Dance Festival, Tejaji Fair
    MaharashtraGanesh Chaturthi, Nag Panchami, Kalidas Festival, Chikoo Utsav
    MeghalayaBob Dylan Festival, Ahaia Festival
    ManipurChavang Kut
    MizoramChapchar Kut
    NagalandHornbill Festival, Moatsu Festival
    OdishaRath Yatra, Raja Sankranti, Konark Dance Festival, Saraswati Puja, etc.
    PunjabLohri, Baisakhi, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Muktsar Fair
    PuducherryInternational Yoga Festival
    RajasthanPushkar Fair, Desert Festival, Teej, Gangaur, Jaipur Lit Fest, etc.
    SikkimSaga Dawa, Losar, Pang Lhabsol, Flower Festival
    Tamil NaduPongal, Jallikattu, Chennai Music Season, Thaipusam, Tamil New Year
    TripuraRabindra Jayanti, Kharchi Puja, Ker Puja, Diwali
    UttarakhandMagh Mela, Uttarayani, Yoga Week
    Uttar PradeshKumbh Mela, Holi, Ram Leela, Janmashtami, Ganga Mahotsav
    West BengalDurga Puja, Gangasagar Mela, Rabindra Jayanti, Kenduli Mela

    Region and Season-wise Indian Festivals 2025

    Region Festival Month
    AllMakar SankrantiJanuary
    North IndiaLohriJanuary
    North IndiaBasant PanchamiJanuary
    North IndiaBaisakhiApril
    North IndiaLadakh Harvest FestivalSeptember
    South IndiaPongalJanuary
    South IndiaUgadiMarch
    South IndiaVishuApril
    South IndiaOnamAugust
    East IndiaBhogali BihuJanuary
    East IndiaWangalaNovember
    East IndiaKa Pomblang NongkremNovember
    West IndiaNuakhaiAugust
    West IndiaGudi PadwaMarch
    East IndiaNabannaNovember–December
    5. The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the:
    (a) Bundi School
    (b) Jaipur School
    (c) Kangra School
    (d) Kishangarh School

  • The correct answer is (d) Kishangarh School

    • Bani Thani is a famous painting from the *Kishangarh School* of Rajasthani miniature painting, originating in the 18th century in Kishangarh, Rajasthan. Painted by artist Nihal Chand, it depicts a woman with stylized features, such as elongated eyes and a serene expression, often considered an idealized portrayal of Radha or a court lady. The painting is renowned for its delicate artistry and romantic aesthetic, characteristic of the Kishangarh style.

    Option (a) Bundi School: Known for vibrant colors and detailed narratives, but not associated with Bani Thani.
    Option (b) Jaipur School: Focuses on courtly themes and bold colors, distinct from the Kishangarh style.
    Option (c) Kangra School: A Pahari school from Himachal Pradesh, known for soft colors and Krishna-Radha themes, but not the origin of Bani Thani.

    Thus, (d) correctly identifies the Kishangarh School as the source of the Bani Thani painting.

    Folk Painting Origin / Region Medium & Materials Themes & Subjects Special Features
    Madhubani Mithila, Bihar Mud walls, handmade paper, cloth, canvas; natural dyes Hindu Gods, mythology, weddings, social life No empty spaces, 2D style, bold colors, double borders, symbolic elements (e.g., fish for luck); GI tag; recognized officially in 1970 by Indian President
    Pattachitra Odisha Cotton cloth, palm leaves, chalk-gum canvas, lacquer Hindu mythology, Jagannath cult, Vaishnavism Fine detailing, natural colors, no pencil, heated finish, family-involved production; includes Tala Pattachitra
    Kalighat West Bengal (Kolkata) Paper; hand-colored lithographic prints Hindu deities, mythology, social commentary Watercolors, simplified bold lines, inspired Jamini Roy
    Warli Maharashtra-Gujarat border Wall surfaces with cow dung & mud; rice paste for white pigment Rituals, farming, daily life, tribal ceremonies Geometric figures, sacred motifs, “chaukat” square, prehistoric resemblance
    Paitkar Jharkhand (Santhal tribe) Paper or cloth scrolls; natural colors Afterlife, Ma Mansa, soul’s journey Used in live storytelling; scroll format; sacred and ritual use
    Patna Kalam Patna, Bihar Paper, ivory, mica; brush painting Commoners, festivals, rulers, daily life No background; British era influence; “Kajli Seahi” technique
    Kohvar & Sohrai Jharkhand Wall painting with fingers or combs Kohvar (weddings); Sohrai (harvest) Practiced by married women; matrilineal transmission
    Kalamkari Andhra Pradesh Cloth painting; bamboo pen and vegetable dyes Mythology, temple decoration Block printing (Masulipatnam), hand painting (Sri-Kalahasti); Persian influence
    Phad Rajasthan Long scrolls (15–30 ft); vegetable dyes Folk deities (Pabuji, Devnarayan) Portable storytelling; bold, flat compositions in segments
    Manjusha Bhagalpur, Bihar Jute/paper boxes or scrolls Bihula-Bishari folklore Snake motifs; step-by-step storytelling; Hindu-Muslim cultural link
    Thangka Sikkim, Himachal, Ladakh Cotton or silk; natural/mineral dyes Buddhist deities, mandalas, stories of Buddha Scroll format, gold detailing, used for meditation; stored rolled-up
    Patua West Bengal Paper scrolls backed with cloth Mythology, social commentary Sung narratives, Muslim artist community, sequential art format
    Pithora Gujarat & MP Wall murals on sacred surfaces Marriage, harvest, prosperity Colorful horses, ritualistic purpose, tribal tradition
    Pichhwai Rajasthan (Nathdwara) Painted cloth backdrops for temples Krishna (Shreenathji) devotion Highly detailed, devotional, sub-style of Nathdwara art
    Cheriyal Scroll Telangana Handmade scrolls with natural colors Mythological stories, local ballads Comic-strip like format, red backgrounds, GI tag
    Kalamezhuthu Kerala Natural powders drawn on the floor Worship of deities (Kali, Ayyappa) Drawn by hand and erased after rituals; oil lamp illumination
    Saura Odisha (Saura tribe) Wall murals; red/yellow background, white paint Worship of Idital deity Geometric tribal figures; used in fashion & modern art
    Chittara Karnataka Mud walls/floors; rice paste & natural colors Rituals, daily life Women painters; complex geometry; bamboo brushes
    Thanjavur (Tanjore) Tamil Nadu Wood panels, gold foil, gesso relief work Hindu gods and saints Rich 3D gold decoration; vibrant and devotional

    Famous Folk painting of India

    State/UT Folk Painting Art Form Type Key Features Cultural Significance
    Ladakh Thangka Painting, Moral Art Religious Scroll Painting Depicts Buddhist deities, mandalas, vivid colors Used for meditation and rituals in monasteries
    Jammu & Kashmir Basholi Painting Miniature Painting Bold colors, geometric patterns, mythological themes Originated in Basohli town; influenced Pahari art
    Himachal Pradesh Kangra Painting Miniature Painting Romantic themes, delicate brushwork Flourished under Rajput patronage
    Punjab Mud Work Wall & Floor Art 3D patterns using mud, mirrors, and paint Decorative and auspicious during festivals
    Haryana Sculpture Terracotta/Folk Sculpture Mythical and rural figures in clay Used in rituals and village deities
    Uttarakhand Aipan Floor Art White rice paste motifs on red surface Drawn during festivals and religious ceremonies
    Uttar Pradesh Sanjhi Stencil Art Intricate paper cuttings with Krishna themes Linked with Radha-Krishna devotional practices
    Rajasthan Phad Painting Scroll Painting Depicts stories of local deities on cloth scrolls Used by Bhopas (folk narrators) in performances
    Bihar Madhubani, Patna Kalam, Manjusha Wall and Paper Art Geometric patterns, mythological and daily themes Madhubani: Women-centric; Kalam: Mughal influence
    Jharkhand Sohrai & Khobar Wall Art Earthy colors, animal and fertility motifs Used in harvest and marriage rituals
    West Bengal Kalighat Painting Parchment Painting Satirical, bold outlines, folk themes Originated near Kalighat Temple, urban folk art
    Gujarat Pithora Painting Wall Art Tribal deity motifs, horses, vibrant colors Performed by Rathwa and Bhil tribes
    Madhya Pradesh Gond Painting Tribal Art Dots, lines, natural elements, folklore Used to tell tribal myths and daily life
    Chhattisgarh Godna Painting Tattoo-inspired Wall Art Geometrical patterns and motifs Drawn by tribal women; symbolic of identity
    Odisha Pattachitra Cloth Scroll Painting Mythological stories, fine detailing, natural dyes Linked to Jagannath Temple traditions
    Telangana Cheriyal Scroll Painting Narrative Scroll Art Red background, bold figures, folk tales Used by storytellers in village performances
    Maharashtra Warli Painting Tribal Wall Art White motifs on mud background, human & nature forms Created by Warli tribe; symbolizes harmony with nature
    Goa Folk Paintings Mixed Media Religious and cultural motifs Reflects Indo-Portuguese influence
    Andhra Pradesh Kalamkari Hand-painted/Block-printed Textile Mythological themes, natural dyes Used in temples and clothing
    Karnataka Chittara Wall Art White patterns on red mud walls Practiced by Deewaru community women
    Kerala Kalamezhuthu Ritual Floor Drawing Powder art depicting deities, elaborate designs Used in temples during religious ceremonies
    Tamil Nadu Tanjore Painting Gold-leaf Panel Painting Mythological figures, embellished with stones & gold Temple art with devotional significance
    Sikkim Thangka Painting Buddhist Scroll Painting Mandalas, deities, spiritual themes Practiced in monasteries, for rituals
    Arunachal Pradesh Thangka Painting Buddhist Scroll Art Detailed depictions of tantric Buddhism Spiritual education and meditation
    Assam Assamese Scroll Painting Traditional Scroll Art Vaishnavite themes, narrative structure Linked to Sattriya culture
    Nagaland Cloth Painting Tribal Textile Art Geometric tribal motifs on fabrics Part of traditional attire and rituals
    Manipur Block Painting Textile Art Floral and mythological designs Used in traditional dress materials
    Mizoram Textile Painting Fabric Art Tribal symbolism and colors Woven in everyday and festive wear
    Tripura Bamboo Work (Artistic) Craft with Folk Art Hand-painted motifs on bamboo items Used in homes and tribal rituals
    6. With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements:
    1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.
    2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas 
    3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.
    4. Annamacharya kirtnas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venketshwara.
    Which of the statement is given above are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 and 4 only
    (c) 1, 2, and 3
    (d) 2, 3 and 4

  • The correct answer is (b) 2 and 4 only

    • Statement 1: Most of Tyagaraja’s kritis are devotional songs in praise of **Lord Rama, not Lord Krishna. Tyagaraja, one of the Trinity of Carnatic music, composed primarily in Telugu, with Rama as his principal deity. This statement is incorrect.

    Statement 2: Tyagaraja is credited with creating several new ragas, such as Kharaharapriya and Harikambhoji, and popularizing others through his compositions. This statement is correct.

    Statement 3: Annamacharya (1408–1503) and Tyagaraja (1767–1847) lived in different centuries, with Annamacharya preceding Tyagaraja by over 200 years. They were not contemporaries. This statement is incorrect.

    Statement 4: Annamacharya, a 15th-century composer, wrote kirtanas primarily in praise of Lord Venkateswara (a form of Vishnu) of Tirupati. His compositions, often in Telugu, are devotional songs dedicated to Venkateswara. This statement is correct.

    Thus, only statements 2 and 4 are correct, making option (b) the right answer.

    7. Consider the following pairs:

    Craft
    Heritage of the state
    1. Puthukkuli Shawls Tamil Nadu
    2. Sujni Embroidery Maharashtra
    3. Uppada Jamdani Saris Karnataka

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 2 and 3

  • The correct answer is (a) 1 only

    • Pair 1: Puthukkuli Shawls – Tamil Nadu
    Puthukkuli shawls are traditional handwoven woolen shawls from Tamil Nadu, known for their intricate designs and vibrant colors, often crafted in regions like Dindigul. This pair is correct.

    Pair 2: Sujni Embroidery – Maharashtra
    Sujni embroidery is a traditional quilt-making craft from Bihar, not Maharashtra. It involves stitching colorful patches of cloth to create narrative designs, often depicting social and cultural themes. Maharashtra is known for crafts like Warli paintings and Paithani sarees. This pair is incorrect.

    Pair 3: Uppada Jamdani Saris – Karnataka
    Uppada Jamdani saris are a handwoven textile craft from Andhra Pradesh, specifically from the Uppada region, known for their lightweight fabric and intricate motifs. Karnataka is associated with crafts like Mysore silk and Channapatna toys. This pair is incorrect.

    Thus, only Pair 1 is correct, making option (a) the right answer.

    India’s Traditional Handicrafts

    India’s Traditional Handicrafts by State & Union Territory

    State/UT Prominent Handicrafts
    Andhra Pradesh Kalamkari Paintings, Kondapalli Toys, Budithi Brassware, Banarasi Needlework
    Arunachal Pradesh Bamboo and Cane Crafts, Handwoven Textiles, Wood Carving
    Assam Muga and Eri Silk, Bamboo Handicrafts, Terracotta Pottery, Sitalpati Mats
    Bihar Madhubani Paintings, Manjusha Art, Sikki Grass Craft, Bhagalpuri Silk
    Chhattisgarh Dhokra Art, Bastar Iron & Wooden Craft, Terracotta Pottery
    Goa Sea Shell Art, Wood Carvings, Azulejos Tile Painting
    Gujarat Bandhani, Ajrakh Block Printing, Kutch Embroidery, Sankheda Furniture
    Haryana Sarkanda Craft, Wood Carvings, Pottery
    Himachal Pradesh Kullu and Kinnauri Shawls, Chamba Rumal, Kangra Miniature Paintings
    Jharkhand Wooden Toys, Bamboo Works, Pitkar Paintings
    Karnataka Mysore Paintings, Channapatna Toys, Sandalwood Carving, Bidriware
    Kerala Aranmula Kannadi, Coconut Shell Craft, Kathakali Masks, Screw Pine Weaving
    Madhya Pradesh Chanderi and Maheshwari Sarees, Dhokra Craft, Gond Paintings, Bagh Printing
    Maharashtra Warli Paintings, Kolhapuri Chappals, Paithani Sarees
    Manipur Moirang Phee Weaving, Kaun Mats, Longpi Black Pottery
    Meghalaya Bamboo and Cane Crafts, Handwoven Textiles
    Mizoram Mizo Puan Weaving, Bamboo Crafts
    Nagaland Naga Shawls, Bamboo Crafts, Wood Carving
    Odisha Pattachitra Paintings, Tarakasi Filigree, Dhokra Art
    Punjab Phulkari Embroidery, Punjabi Juttis, Wood Inlay Work
    Rajasthan Blue Pottery, Phad Paintings, Kathputli Puppets, Bandhani and Block Printing
    Sikkim Thangka Paintings, Handwoven Carpets, Chokse Tables
    Tamil Nadu Tanjore Paintings, Kanchipuram Silk, Swamimalai Bronze Icons, Thanjavur Dolls
    Telangana Pochampally Ikat, Cheriyal Paintings, Banjara Needlework, Silver Filigree
    Tripura Bamboo Crafts, Handwoven Textiles
    Uttar Pradesh Chikankari, Banarasi Silk, Zardozi Embroidery, Marble Inlay Work
    Uttarakhand Wood Carving (Likhai), Woolen Handicrafts, Aipan Art
    West Bengal Kantha Embroidery, Terracotta Art, Baluchari Sarees, Shantiniketan Leather Craft
    Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sea Shell Crafts, Coconut Shell Crafts
    Chandigarh Phulkari Embroidery, Wooden Handicrafts
    Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Warli Paintings, Bamboo Crafts
    Delhi Zardozi Embroidery, Terracotta Pottery, Wood Carving
    Jammu and Kashmir Pashmina Shawls, Kashmiri Carpets, Papier-Mâché, Walnut Wood Carving
    Ladakh Thangka Paintings, Wool Weaving, Bead Craft
    Lakshadweep Coconut Shell Crafts, Coir Products
    Puducherry Terracotta Figurines, Handwoven Textiles
    Note: Many of these crafts hold Geographical Indications (GI) status, recognizing their authenticity. They are crucial for preserving India’s cultural heritage and supporting artisan livelihoods. Reliable sources such as government and cultural websites were used for this compilation.

    2017

    8. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a song and dance performance.
    2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
    3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1, 2 and 3
    (b) 1 and 3 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1 only

  • The correct answer is (b) 1 and 3 only

    • Statement 1: Manipuri Sankirtana is a traditional performance art from Manipur that combines **song and dance, involving devotional music, dance movements, and rhythmic elements performed by a group of artists. It is a vibrant ritualistic practice. This statement is correct.

    Statement 2: Cymbals (mandira) are an important musical instrument in Manipuri Sankirtana, but they are not the only ones used. Other instruments, such as **pung (a barrel drum), flutes, and sometimes stringed instruments, are also integral to the performance. This statement is incorrect.

    Statement 3: Manipuri Sankirtana is performed to narrate the **life and deeds of Lord Krishna, often focusing on his divine love with Radha and the gopis, rooted in Vaishnavite traditions. It celebrates Krishna’s stories through devotional songs and dance. This statement is correct.

    Thus, only statements 1 and 3 are correct, making option (b) the right answer.

    2015

    9. Kalamkari painting refers to:

    (a) A hand-painted cotton textile in South India
    (b) A handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India
    (c) A block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India
    (d) A hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India

  • The correct answer is (a) A hand-painted cotton textile in South India

    • Kalamkari painting is a traditional Indian art form originating from South India, particularly Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The term “Kalamkari” comes from “kalam” (pen) and “kari” (craftsmanship), referring to hand-painted or block-printed cotton textiles. It is known for intricate designs depicting mythological themes, flora, fauna, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, using natural dyes.

    Option (b): Bamboo handicrafts are common in North-East India, but they are not associated with Kalamkari, which is a textile-based art.

    Option (c): Woollen cloths in the Western Himalayan region are linked to crafts like Kullu shawls or Pashmina, not Kalamkari.

    Option (d): Decorative silk cloths in North-Western India may refer to crafts like Bandhani or Phulkari, but Kalamkari is specific to South India and primarily uses cotton.

    Thus, (a) accurately describes Kalamkari painting.

    2014

    10. With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements:
    1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama.
    2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam.
    3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • The correct answer is (b) 1 and 2 only

    • Statement 1: Sattriya is a classical dance form from Assam that integrates music, dance, and drama. It includes expressive dance movements, devotional songs, and theatrical elements, often performed in Vaishnavite monasteries (sattras). This statement is correct.

    Statement 2: Sattriya is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam, developed in the 15th century by the Vaishnavite saint Srimanta Sankardeva as a medium to propagate Vaishnavism. It remains a vibrant cultural practice in Assam’s sattras. This statement is correct.

    Statement 3: Sattriya is based on classical ragas and talas, but it is primarily rooted in the devotional songs and compositions of Sankardeva and his disciple Madhavdeva, not Tulsidas, Kabir, or Mirabai. These poets are associated with Bhakti traditions in North India, not Assam’s Sattriya tradition. This statement is incorrect.

    Thus, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making option (b) the right answer.

    11. With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu’?

    (a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India.
    (b) It is an ancient style bronze and brasswork still found in southern part of Coromandel area.
    (c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar.
    (d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.

  • The correct answer is (d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.

    • Kalaripayattu is a traditional martial art form originating from Kerala in South India, often considered one of the oldest martial arts in the world. The term comes from “kalari” (training ground) and “payattu” (practice or combat). It combines physical techniques, weaponry, and healing practices, and is a living tradition still practiced in Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu.

    Option (a): A Bhakti cult of Shaivism refers to devotional practices, not a martial art like Kalaripayattu.

    Option (b): Bronze and brasswork in the Coromandel area relates to crafts like Swamimalai bronze icons, not Kalaripayattu.

    Option (c): Dance-drama in the northern Malabar region refers to forms like “Theyyam” or “Kathakali”, not Kalaripayattu.

    Thus, (d) accurately describes Kalaripayattu.

    12. Consider the following pairs:

    Dance
    Related state
    1. Garba: Gujarat
    2. Mohiniattam: Odisha
    3. Yakshagana: Karnataka

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • The correct answer is (c) 1 and 3 only

    • Pair 1: Garba – Gujarat

    Garba is a traditional folk dance performed during the Navratri festival in Gujarat, characterized by circular movements and vibrant costumes. This pair is correct.

    Pair 2: Mohiniattam – Odisha

    Mohiniattam is a classical dance form from Kerala, not Odisha. Known for its graceful movements and feminine expressions, it depicts the enchanting persona of Vishnu as Mohini. Odisha is associated with the classical dance Odissi. This pair is incorrect.

    Pair 3: Yakshagana – Karnataka

    Yakshagana is a traditional folk theater and dance-drama form from Karnataka, particularly popular in the coastal regions. It involves elaborate costumes, music, and narratives from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. This pair is correct.

    Thus, only Pairs 1 and 3 are correctly matched, making option (c) the right answer.

    The list of Classical Dances in India by State & UTs

    Dance Form Region Origin & History Themes & Expression Technique & Style Music & Instruments Costume & Makeup Special Features
    Bharatanatyam Tamil Nadu (South India) Originated from temple dances (Sadir/Dasiattam); Refined as a theatrical art; Tanjore Quartet shaped modern form. Bhakti (devotion) and Shringara (romantic love); Stories of gods and humans. Emphasis on Nritta (pure dance) and Nritya (expressive dance); Clear geometric postures; Tribhangi and linear movements. Carnatic music; Instruments: Mridangam, Flute, Veena, Violin; Vocalist and Nattuvanar (conductor). Traditional silk saree with pleats; Temple jewelry; Elaborate eye makeup and hair buns. One of the oldest classical forms; Lyrics in Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit.
    Manipuri Manipur (North-East India) Vaishnavite roots in temples; Sophisticated over centuries; Ras Leela and votive dances are central. Devotion (Bhakti); Radha-Krishna episodes dominate. Flowing, soft, circular movements; No eye contact; Subtle mudras; Jagoi (soft) and Cholom (vigorous) forms. Pung (drum), Flute; Music is devotional and soft. Colorful cylindrical costumes for women; White turbans and drums for men. Distinct lack of audible footwork; Floating appearance; Soft facial expressions.
    Kathak Northern India (UP, Rajasthan, etc.) Rooted in storytelling (Kathakar); Refined in Mughal and princely courts like Lucknow, Jaipur. Krishna Leela, love, devotion, court tales, and abstract themes. Footwork (Tatkar), Spins (Chakkars), abstract and expressive segments like Amad, Thaat, Gat, Paran. Hindustani music; Instruments: Tabla, Pakhawaj, Sarangi, Sitar; Thumri songs. Men: Angarkha/Churidar; Women: Anarkali/Lehenga; Light but elegant makeup. Thumri singing style linked to Kathak; Pirouettes and rhythmic brilliance.
    Odissi Odisha (Eastern India) Temple dance by Maharis; Reconstructed using temple sculpture and texts. Radha-Krishna devotion; Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda is central. Tribhangi (three-bend posture), Chowk (square stance), Bhramaris (spins), Chalis (gaits). Music: Odissi classical and Carnatic; Instruments: Pakhawaj, Flute, Sitar. Silver jewelry; Decorated headpiece; Intricate borders and waistbands. Sculptural style; Tribhangi stance is iconic; Graceful transitions.
    Kathakali Kerala (South India) 17th century; Developed as a story play (from epics) under royal patronage. Mythological epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. Mime-based storytelling; Codified facial expressions; Mudras (gestures); No dialogue. Singers, Maddalam, Chenda drums, Cymbals; Sung narrative replaces speech. Elaborate facial makeup by character type; Large skirts; Crown-like headdresses. Performance lasts all night; Symbolic colors and dramatic expressions.
    Mohiniattam Kerala (South India) Named after Mohini (mythic enchantress); Shaped by Swati Tirunal. Feminine love and devotion; Temple performances. Gentle swaying movement; Lasya style (graceful); No rigid steps. Instruments: Edakka, Maddalam, Veena, Flute, Kuzhitalam (cymbals). White/cream costume with golden borders; Hair in bun with jasmine. Delicate, lyrical; Emphasis on torso and fluid grace.
    Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh (Southern India) Village of Kuchelapuram; Dance-drama tradition; Bhakti movement influence. Devotional, mythological stories with dramatic expression. Combination of Nritta (pure dance), Nritya (expressive), Natya (drama); Dynamic and expressive. Carnatic music; Instruments: Mridangam, Violin, Flute, Veena. Colorful costume similar to Bharatanatyam; Jewelry; Expressive makeup. Blend of speech, dance, mime; Known for balancing acts like dancing on brass plates.
    Sattriya Assam (North-East India) Originated in 16th-century Vaishnava monasteries (sattras); Propagated by Shankaradeva. Krishna-centric devotional themes; Literary compositions from Sattras. Hand gestures (hasta), footwork (pada karma), narrative abhinaya and pure Nritta. Traditional Assamese instruments; Drums (Khol), Gayan-Bayan music ensemble. White or golden costumes; Angavastram, dhoti; Women wear mekhala chador. Group dances common; Rich in literary references; Performed in and outside monasteries.
    Chhau Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal (Eastern India) Folk roots; Martial dance; Linked with rituals and spring festival (Chaitra Parva). Mythological, folk, and abstract themes; Heroic and divine characters. Vigorous, acrobatic movements; Use of stylized masks (especially in Purulia style). Drums (Dhol, Dhumsa, Nagada), Mohuri, Shehnai; Folk-based melodies. Vibrant costumes; Painted masks; Heavily stylized for dramatic effect. Three styles: Purulia (mask), Seraikella (subtle), Mayurbhanj (no mask); Martial roots.
    Note: Many of these crafts hold Geographical Indications (GI) status, recognizing their authenticity. They are crucial for preserving India’s cultural heritage and supporting artisan livelihoods. Reliable sources such as government and cultural websites were used for this compilation.

    The list of Folk Dances in India

    State of Origin Folk Dances Highlights / Significance
    Andhra Pradesh Vilasini Natyam, Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam Ritualistic and devotional dances; tribal and community celebration; Kolattam is a stick dance similar to dandiya.
    Arunachal Pradesh Buiya, Chalo, Wancho, Pasi Kongki, Ponung, Popir Tribal dances performed during harvesting and social ceremonies; known for vibrant tribal attire.
    Assam Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga Dance, Khel Gopal Bihu is the most famous, celebrating the Assamese New Year; Bagurumba is performed by Bodo women.
    Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya Reflects folk tales and rural life; Panwariya is associated with devotion and romance.
    Chhattisgarh Gaur Maria, Panthi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Vedamati, Kapalik Tribal dances showing strength, devotion, and mythology; Pandwani is a musical narrative of Mahabharata.
    Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Raas, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai Performed during Navratri and other festivals; Bhavai is a balancing folk drama/dance.
    Goa Tarangamel, Koli, Dekhni, Fugdi, Shigmo, Ghode Modni, Samayi Nrutya, Jagar, Ranmale Blend of tribal and Portuguese influence; Fugdi and Dekhni are prominent women’s dances.
    Haryana Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor Celebratory dances related to agriculture and seasonal changes; Loor is a girl’s dance for Holi.
    Himachal Pradesh Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu Group circle dances performed during fairs and festivals in hilly areas.
    Jammu & Kashmir Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud, Dandi Nach Rauf is performed by women during Eid; Kud is a ritual dance performed at night in hilly areas.
    Jharkhand Alkap, Karma Munda, Agni, Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Mardana Jhumar, Paika, Phagua Tribal-based dances with themes of fertility, nature, and warrior spirit (Paika).
    Karnataka Yakshagana, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga Yakshagana is a folk theatre with elaborate costumes; Suggi and Kunitha are harvest dances.
    Kerala Ottam Thullal, Kaikottikali Kaikottikali is a graceful women’s dance for Onam; Ottam Thullal combines satire and dance.
    Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala, Dasavtar Lavani is sensuous and powerful; Koli is a dance of fisherfolk; Dasavtar depicts ten avatars of Vishnu.
    Madhya Pradesh Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida, Selalarki, Selabhadoni Rural and tribal themes; Jawara shows balancing pots, Matki is danced by women.
    Manipur Dol Cholam, Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom Pung Cholom uses drums and acrobatics; Lai Haraoba is ritualistic and mythical.
    Meghalaya Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem, Laho Celebrates harvest and Khasi traditions; Laho is a group courtship dance.
    Mizoram Cheraw, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin, Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam Cheraw or bamboo dance is the most iconic; performed with clapping bamboo sticks.
    Nagaland Rangma, Zeliang, Nsuirolians, Gethinglim Tribal warrior dances reflecting stories of bravery, harvest, and community bonding.
    Odisha Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari Tribal martial dances with regional instruments and war-like movements (Painka).
    Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman, Bhand Bhangra is world-famous for its energy; Giddha is its feminine counterpart.
    Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Gangaur, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal Ghoomar is performed by women with twirls; Gangaur dance is for the festival of the same name.
    Sikkim Chu Faat, Sikmari, Singhi Chaam, Yak Chaam, Denzong Gnenha, Tashi Yangku Singhi Chaam is a snow lion masked dance; reflects Buddhist traditions and seasonal beliefs.
    Tamil Nadu Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi Kavadi is linked to Lord Murugan worship; Kolattam is a stick-based group dance.
    Tripura Hojagiri Performed by Bru (Reang) women balancing lamps and pitchers; shows acrobatic skills.
    Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli Nautanki is a folk theatre; Raslila dramatizes Krishna’s life; Kajri is sung during monsoon.
    Uttarakhand Garhwali, Kumaoni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila Mostly community dances; performed in circle formations during seasonal festivals.
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