1st Half Yearly National Current Affairs 2026 Part 1

Explanation: The Ministry of Jal Shakti organised the ‘Swachh Gaon, Surakshit Jalvayu’ (Clean Village, Safe Climate) campaign from 1 to 5 June 2026 through the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The campaign was launched by Union Minister C. R. Patil on 1 June as part of activities linked to World Environment Day 2026. It promoted environmental protection, behavioural change, rural cleanliness and awareness of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026. Activities included waste segregation, management of community sanitation assets, special Gram Sabhas and the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ plantation drive on 5 June. The initiative supports the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) and the creation of clean, sustainable villages.

Explanation: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship launched ‘Navachar Mantra’ on 3 June 2026 to identify, mentor and scale grassroots innovations and early-stage businesses. The initiative was launched by Minister of State (Independent Charge) Jayant Chaudhary at IIT Delhi. It is implemented by the National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), with the Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT), IIT Delhi, serving as its technical knowledge partner. The programme focuses particularly on innovators from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, rural areas and aspirational districts. It provides mentorship, industry connections, investor access and market-development support across sectors such as Agritech, HealthTech, EdTech, climate and sustainability, rural commerce and MSME development.

Explanation: In May 2026, the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court of India was increased from 34 to 38 judges, including the Chief Justice of India (CJI). The change was made through the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Ordinance, 2026, promulgated by President Droupadi Murmu and notified on 16 May 2026. The number of judges excluding the CJI increased from 33 to 37. The Union Cabinet had approved the proposal for a legislative amendment on 5 May. The increase aims to improve the Court’s capacity to hear cases and address the backlog of pending matters. The relevant legislation is the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956, as amended. Remember the distinction: 37 judges excluding the CJI, or 38 judges in total including the CJI.

Explanation: The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) conducted Operation RAGEPILL, resulting in India’s first-ever seizure of approximately 227.7 kg of Captagon tablets and powder in May 2026. The operation uncovered an international drug-trafficking syndicate and led to the arrest of a Syrian national. On 11 May, investigators recovered about 31.5 kg of tablets from a house in Neb Sarai, New Delhi. On 14 May, they recovered another 196.2 kg of powder from a container at the Container Freight Station in Mundra, Gujarat. The seized consignment was estimated to be worth approximately ₹182 crore in destination markets and was reportedly intended for the Gulf and Middle East. Captagon preparations may contain fenetylline and amphetamine, substances controlled under India’s Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act.

Explanation: The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Rules, 2026 came into force on 1 May 2026. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) notified the Rules on 22 April 2026 under the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025. The framework provides procedures for determining and classifying online games, establishing the Online Gaming Authority of India, and enforcing user-safety and grievance-redressal requirements. It seeks to protect users from the financial and social harms associated with online money games while providing a regulatory framework for permissible e-sports and online social games. The rules also set out transparency, compliance, investigation and appeal procedures. For examination purposes, remember that the notification date was 22 April 2026, while the commencement date was 1 May 2026.

Explanation: NITI Aayog launched the roadmap titled “DPI@2047 for Viksit Bharat: A Strategic Roadmap to Enable Non-linear Inclusive Socio-economic Growth” on 27 April 2026 in New Delhi. The roadmap was unveiled by Suman Bery, Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog, and Professor Ajay Kumar Sood, Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. Important Facts:

• DPI stands for Digital Public Infrastructure.
• The roadmap seeks to move India’s digital transformation beyond basic access and inclusion towards productivity, innovation and economic growth.
• It highlights the importance of connecting digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence, data and knowledge across sectors.
• India’s major DPI examples include Aadhaar, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and DigiLocker.
• The roadmap is aligned with the national vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047, the centenary year of India’s independence.

Exam-Oriented Facts:

• Organisation: NITI Aayog
• Launch Date: 27 April 2026
• Roadmap: DPI@2047 for Viksit Bharat
• Major Focus: Inclusive and productivity-led socioeconomic growth
• Target Year: 2047

Explanation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated India’s first greenfield integrated Refinery-cum-Petrochemical Complex to the nation at Pachpadra in Balotra district, Rajasthan, on 21 April 2026. The project was developed by HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (HRRL), a joint venture involving Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) and the Government of Rajasthan. Important Facts:

• Location: Pachpadra, Balotra district, Rajasthan.
• Project Type: Greenfield integrated refinery and petrochemical complex.
• Refining Capacity: 9 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).
• Petrochemical Capacity: Approximately 2.4 MMTPA.
• Project Cost: Approximately ₹79,459 crore, following the revised project-cost approval in April 2026.
• Nelson Complexity Index: 17.0, indicating a highly complex refining facility.
• Petrochemical Yield: More than 26%.

Economic Significance:

• The complex is expected to strengthen India’s energy security and reduce dependence on imported petrochemical products.
• It is expected to support the development of a Petrochemical and Plastic Park and related industries.
• It can create employment opportunities and stimulate industrial development in western Rajasthan.
• A greenfield project is a new industrial facility developed on a previously undeveloped project site, rather than an expansion of an existing facility.

Explanation: The Ministry of Textiles, through the Office of the Development Commissioner (Handlooms) in collaboration with the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), introduced the initiative “Vishwa Sutra – Weaves of India for the World.” The collaboration was announced on 16 April 2026, and the designer collection was presented at the 61st Femina Miss India event in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, on 19 April 2026. Important Facts:

• Initiative: Vishwa Sutra – Weaves of India for the World.
• Ministry: Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.
• Implementing Office: Office of the Development Commissioner (Handlooms).
• Collaborating Institution: National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT).
• Event: 61st Femina Miss India, Bhubaneswar.
• Special Feature: The collection combined 30 distinct Indian handloom weaves with design inspirations drawn from 30 countries.

Examples of Cultural Design Combinations:

• Odisha Ikat: Greek-inspired designs.
• Kanchipuram: Norwegian-inspired silhouettes.
• Muga Silk: Egyptian-inspired elements.
• Patola: Spanish-inspired designs.
• Banarasi: UAE-inspired ensembles.

Additional Facts:

• The initiative aims to improve the global visibility and market relevance of India’s traditional handloom sector.
• It supports the vision of “Vocal for Local to Global” and the textile sector’s 5F framework: Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign.
• The handloom sector is important for preserving cultural heritage, supporting artisan livelihoods and promoting women-led entrepreneurship.

Explanation: The Government of India launched a two-year nationwide commemoration of the 200th birth anniversary of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on 11 April 2026. The celebrations are scheduled from 11 April 2026 to 11 April 2028. Jyotirao Phule was born on 11 April 1827; therefore, his 200th birth anniversary falls on 11 April 2027. Important Facts:

• Full Name: Jyotirao Govindrao Phule.
• Birth: 11 April 1827, Maharashtra.
• Death: 28 November 1890.
• Known For: Social reform, caste equality, women’s education and the advancement of marginalised communities.
• Important Organisation: Satyashodhak Samaj, established in 1873.
• Major Work: Gulamgiri (1873).
• Associated Reformer: Savitribai Phule, a pioneering advocate of girls’ education.

Commemoration Programme:

• Inaugural Date: 11 April 2026.
• Duration: Two years, ending on 11 April 2028.
• Inaugural Venue: Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.
• Inaugural Programme: “Phule Across India”, under the Inter-State Cultural Diversity Programme.
• Organising Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• Approval: National Implementation Committee, chaired by the Union Minister of Home Affairs and Cooperation.

Historical Significance:

• Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule worked to expand educational opportunities for girls and socially disadvantaged groups.
• The Satyashodhak Samaj, meaning “Society of Truth Seekers”, challenged caste-based discrimination and promoted social equality.
• The nationwide programme highlights Phule’s contributions to social justice, education, women’s empowerment and equality.

Explanation: Odisha secured the first position in the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2026, published by NITI Aayog in March 2026. The report evaluates the fiscal performance of states using data for Financial Year 2023–24. Odisha achieved an overall FHI score of 73.1, retaining its leading position among the major states assessed. Top Five States — Fiscal Health Index 2026: Five Pillars of the Fiscal Health Index:

1. Quality of Expenditure: Assesses how effectively public funds are allocated and spent.
2. Revenue Mobilisation: Measures the state’s ability to generate revenue.
3. Fiscal Prudence: Evaluates fiscal discipline and deficit management.
4. Debt Index: Assesses the state’s debt position and related fiscal risks.
5. Debt Sustainability: Examines the state’s long-term ability to manage its debt obligations.

Additional Important Facts:

• Publishing Organisation: NITI Aayog.
• Report: Fiscal Health Index 2026, second annual edition.
• Publication: March 2026.
• Reference Financial Year: 2023–24.
• Major States Assessed: 18.
• Bihar’s Rank: 12th, with an FHI score of 30.9.
• Odisha’s Strengths: Strong debt management, fiscal discipline, revenue mobilisation and expenditure quality.

Explanation: The World Bank, the Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh signed an agreement in March 2026 to support the Uttar Pradesh Clean Air Management Program (UPCAMP). The programme has financing of approximately US$299.66 million and aims to improve air quality while supporting employment and cleaner economic development. Major Features of the Programme:

• State: Uttar Pradesh.
• Programme: Uttar Pradesh Clean Air Management Program (UPCAMP).
• Financing: US$299.66 million.
• Key Sectors: Transport, agriculture and industry.
• Air Quality Monitoring: Nearly 200 additional air-quality monitoring stations are planned.
• Clean Cooking: The programme aims to help approximately 3.9 million households gain access to clean cooking solutions.
• Clean Mobility: Support includes cleaner public transport and the adoption of electric vehicles.

Why Is It Important?

• Air pollution does not remain confined to administrative boundaries; pollutants can travel across districts and states.
• The programme adopts an integrated approach to pollution reduction rather than relying only on individual-city measures.
• Cleaner transport, improved agricultural practices and industrial emission reduction can help protect public health.
• The programme also seeks to create employment opportunities, particularly for young people and women.

Exam Fact: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans, credits and other financing to support development projects. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States.

Explanation: India hosted the first BIMSTEC Young Professionals Exchange Programme from 9 to 15 March 2026 in Mumbai and Pune, Maharashtra. The programme was organised by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in partnership with the Government of Maharashtra. It brought together 30 young researchers, technology developers, entrepreneurs and other professionals from BIMSTEC member countries. Important Facts:

• Programme: First BIMSTEC Young Professionals Exchange Programme.
• Dates: 9–15 March 2026.
• Host State: Maharashtra.
• Host Cities: Mumbai and Pune.
• Organiser: Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, in partnership with the Government of Maharashtra.
• Participants: 30 young professionals from BIMSTEC member countries.
• Objective: Promote knowledge exchange, regional cooperation and exposure to India’s innovation, startup, research and technology ecosystems.

About BIMSTEC: BIMSTEC stands for the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. It was established on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.

Member Country	Member Country
Bangladesh	Bhutan
India	Myanmar
Nepal	Sri Lanka
Thailand

Additional Facts:

• Secretariat: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Regional Focus: Cooperation among countries around the Bay of Bengal.
• The exchange programme was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
• The programme aims to develop professional networks and encourage future collaboration among young people in the region.

Explanation: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu launched “Araku Kouni”, the state’s first tribal millet-based food menu, on 12 March 2026 during the Collectors’ Conference at the State Secretariat in Velagapudi. The initiative aims to bring traditional tribal millet-based diets into mainstream food culture while promoting the culinary heritage and livelihoods of indigenous communities in the Araku Valley region. Important Facts:

• Programme: Araku Kouni.
• State: Andhra Pradesh.
• Launched by: Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu.
• Launch Date: 12 March 2026.
• Region Associated: Araku Valley in Alluri Sitharama Raju (ASR) district.
• Purpose: Promote traditional tribal recipes, millet consumption, local agriculture and tribal livelihoods.
• Implementation Support: ASR district administration, tribal Anganwadi workers, the Indian Culinary Institute at Tirupati and the Department of Tourism.

Traditional Dishes Included:

• Korra Payasam: A sweet dish prepared using foxtail millet.
• Ragi Chapati: Chapati made with finger millet.
• Samala Pulihora: A traditional rice-style preparation using little millet.
• Kantla Ambali: A traditional millet-based porridge.
• Corn Vada: A savoury preparation made with corn.
• Toor Dal Curry: A traditional lentil-based dish.

Why Is It Important?

• Millets are nutrient-rich cereals that can contribute to dietary diversity and food security.
• Promoting local recipes can create additional markets for farmers cultivating traditional crops.
• The initiative seeks to preserve indigenous food knowledge while making it available to a wider audience through tourism and hospitality.
• It supports the broader promotion of Shree Anna (millets) and traditional food systems.

Explanation: The Department of Fisheries, Government of India, organised the first-of-its-kind National Conference on Cold Water Fisheries on 14 March 2026 at the Sher-e-Kashmir International Conference Centre (SKICC), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The conference focused on the sustainable development of cold-water fisheries, improving productivity, strengthening value chains and creating livelihood opportunities in India’s high-altitude and cold-water regions. Important Facts:

• Conference: National Conference on Cold Water Fisheries.
• Date: 14 March 2026.
• Venue: SKICC, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
• Organiser: Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Union Minister Associated with the Event: Rajiv Ranjan Singh.
• Key Publication: Model Guidelines for the Development of Cold-Water Fisheries.
• Regions of Interest: Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and suitable areas of the North-Eastern region and Western Ghats.

What Is Cold-Water Fisheries? Cold-water fisheries involve the conservation, breeding or farming of fish species that thrive in relatively cold freshwater environments, including mountain rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs. Examples and Opportunities:

• Rainbow Trout: An important cold-water aquaculture species.
• Brown Trout: Found in several cold-water river systems.
• Potential Benefits: Rural employment, tourism-linked income, aquaculture development and improved livelihoods for mountain communities.
• Key Challenges: Maintaining water quality, protecting natural habitats, managing disease and adapting to climate change.

Exam Note: Cold-water fisheries are distinct from marine fisheries because they focus on suitable freshwater environments and species adapted to lower water temperatures.

Explanation: As of March 2026, India has the world’s third-largest operational metro network, reflecting the rapid expansion of urban mass-transit infrastructure across the country. India’s metro network has grown substantially since 2014, when operational metro lines covered approximately 248 kilometres. By 2025, the operational metro and regional rapid transit network had expanded to approximately 1,095 kilometres, including the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS). Further expansion continued during 2026. Important Facts:

• Global Rank: Third-largest operational metro network.
• Network Length: Approximately 1,095 km in the 2025 government reference figures, including 55 km of the Delhi–Meerut RRTS.
• Growth Since 2014: The operational network expanded from approximately 248 km.
• Metro-Connected Cities: 26 cities were reported to have metro connectivity in 2025.
• Daily Ridership: Government figures reported more than 1.15 crore daily passengers in 2026.
• Responsible Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Why Is Metro Expansion Important?

• Reduced Congestion: Metro systems can carry large numbers of passengers and reduce pressure on road transport.
• Cleaner Mobility: Electric rail-based public transport can reduce local vehicular emissions per passenger compared with many private-vehicle journeys.
• Economic Benefits: Better connectivity supports employment, commerce and access to urban services.
• Urban Planning: Metro development can encourage transit-oriented development around stations.

Additional Exam Facts:

• Metro Rail: An urban rapid-transit system that generally operates on dedicated tracks.
• RRTS: Regional Rapid Transit System, designed to provide faster regional connectivity between major urban centres.
• Delhi Metro: One of India’s earliest and largest metro systems.
• National Focus: Expansion of mass transit is part of India’s wider urban mobility and sustainable transport efforts.

Explanation: The International Rail Coach Expo (IRCE) 2026 was held from 12 to 14 March 2026 at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) grounds in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The expo was organised by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in association with ICF and the Ministry of Railways. Important Facts:

• Event: International Rail Coach Expo 2026.
• Dates: 12–14 March 2026.
• Venue: ICF grounds, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• Organiser: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), in association with ICF and the Ministry of Railways.
• Main Focus: Rail coach manufacturing, passenger interiors, train sets, safety, comfort and modern railway technology.
• Participants: Railway production units, original equipment manufacturers, technology providers, research institutions and supply-chain partners.

Major Indian Railway Production Units:

• Integral Coach Factory (ICF): Chennai, Tamil Nadu; a major passenger-coach manufacturing unit.
• Rail Coach Factory (RCF): Kapurthala, Punjab; manufactures passenger coaches.
• Modern Coach Factory (MCF): Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh; manufactures modern passenger coaches.
• Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW): Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh; primarily manufactures locomotives rather than passenger coaches.

Why Is IRCE Important?

• It provides a platform for showcasing innovations in coach design, passenger comfort and railway interiors.
• It encourages cooperation between Indian Railways and domestic and international technology companies.
• Modern coach manufacturing supports safer, more comfortable and more efficient rail transportation.
• ICF is also associated with the development and manufacture of India’s indigenous Vande Bharat trainsets.

Explanation: The Global Conference on Women in Agri-Food Systems (GCWAS–2026) was held from 12 to 14 March 2026 at the Bharat Ratna C. Subramaniam Hall, ICAR Convention Centre, National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), New Delhi. The conference was inaugurated by President of India Droupadi Murmu on 12 March 2026. Union Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan attended the inaugural session. Important Facts:

• Conference: Global Conference on Women in Agri-Food Systems (GCWAS–2026).
• Dates: 12–14 March 2026.
• Venue: ICAR Convention Centre, NASC Complex, New Delhi.
• Inaugurated by: President Droupadi Murmu.
• Key Minister: Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• Organisers: Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), CGIAR and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), among other partners.
• Main Theme: Women’s leadership, participation, innovation and empowerment across agriculture and agri-food systems.

Major Objectives:

• Strengthen women’s participation in agricultural policy formulation and decision-making.
• Promote access to technology, finance, training, markets and entrepreneurship opportunities.
• Share successful practices in farming, food processing, seed conservation and agricultural enterprises.
• Encourage gender-responsive policies and sustainable, inclusive agri-food systems.

Additional Facts:

• ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the apex body coordinating agricultural research and education in India.
• PPV&FRA: Protects plant breeders’ rights and recognises farmers’ rights under India’s plant variety protection framework.
• Women contribute to sowing, harvesting, livestock care, fisheries, food processing and other parts of the agricultural value chain.
• The conference highlighted the need to recognise women’s work and strengthen their leadership in agricultural development.

Explanation: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj organised a national conference of Women Elected Representatives (WERs) of Panchayats in New Delhi on 11 March 2026 under the Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan. The conference marked one year of the initiative, which was launched on 4 March 2025. It aimed to strengthen women’s leadership, decision-making authority and participation in grassroots democratic governance. Important Facts:

• Initiative: Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan.
• Launching Ministry: Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
• Launch Date: 4 March 2025.
• Conference Date: 11 March 2026.
• Venue: New Delhi.
• Participants: Around 700 people, including women elected representatives and representatives of UN agencies.
• Key Objective: Build the leadership, governance skills and decision-making capacity of elected women representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Key Highlights of the Conference:

• Outstanding women Panchayat leaders identified by States and Union Territories were recognised.
• Best practices of Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayats and stories of transformation in rural governance were highlighted.
• Technical sessions discussed women’s leadership, decision-making and the development of women-friendly village institutions.
• The ministry also highlighted initiatives related to women’s safety and stronger grassroots participation.

Related Government Initiatives:

• Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA): Supports capacity-building and training for Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan: Specifically strengthens leadership and governance roles of women elected representatives.
• Nirbhay Raho Initiative: A separate initiative highlighted by the ministry in the context of women’s safety in Panchayats.
• 73rd Constitutional Amendment: Provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions and mandated reservation of at least one-third of seats for women, subject to constitutional provisions and state laws.

Explanation: On 11 March 2026, the Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark decision in Harish Rana v. Union of India, permitting the withdrawal of clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) being administered to Harish Rana, who had been in a permanent vegetative state following a severe brain injury. The decision applied the legal framework for passive euthanasia and the principles established in the Supreme Court’s Common Cause judgment of 2018. The Court directed that withdrawal should take place through a medically supervised palliative and end-of-life care plan. Important Facts:

• Case: Harish Rana v. Union of India.
• Judgment Date: 11 March 2026.
• Case Citation: 2026 INSC 222.
• Bench: Justice Jamshed B. Pardiwala and Justice K. V. Viswanathan.
• Medical Condition: Permanent vegetative state following severe brain injury.
• Key Issue: Whether clinically assisted nutrition and hydration could be withdrawn under the passive euthanasia framework.
• Direction: AIIMS, New Delhi, was directed to provide appropriate palliative and end-of-life care while implementing the withdrawal of treatment.

Passive Euthanasia: Legal Distinction

• Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment in legally permitted circumstances, allowing the underlying condition to take its natural course.
• Active Euthanasia: Deliberately causing death through a direct intervention, such as administering a lethal substance; it is not legal in India.
• CANH: Clinically assisted nutrition and hydration, such as nutrition and fluids provided through a feeding tube.
• Palliative Care: Care intended to relieve suffering and maintain comfort and dignity; withdrawal of treatment does not mean abandonment of the patient.

Constitutional and Legal Background:

• Article 21: Protects life and personal liberty; the Supreme Court has recognised the right to die with dignity in appropriate end-of-life circumstances.
• Common Cause v. Union of India (2018): Recognised the legal framework for passive euthanasia and advance medical directives, subject to safeguards.
• The Court stressed medical assessment, the patient’s best interests, family consultation and appropriate palliative care.
• The judgment urged the Union Government to consider comprehensive legislation on end-of-life care.

Exam Note: The ruling did not legalise active euthanasia. It addressed withdrawal of medical treatment under strict legal and medical safeguards in a specific case.

Explanation: In March 2026, the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the extension and restructuring of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) up to December 2028. The restructured programme, referred to as JJM 2.0, places greater emphasis on reliable service delivery, drinking-water governance and the long-term sustainability of rural piped-water supply systems. Important Facts:

• Mission: Jal Jeevan Mission.
• Cabinet Approval: 10 March 2026.
• Extended Period: Up to December 2028.
• Enhanced Total Outlay: ₹8.69 lakh crore.
• Total Central Assistance: ₹3.59 lakh crore.
• Additional Central Share: ₹1.51 lakh crore over the central assistance approved in 2019–20.
• Restructured Version: Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0.
• Responsible Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Main Objectives of JJM 2.0:

• Ensure sustainable and reliable rural household tap-water services.
• Shift the focus from constructing infrastructure alone to regular service delivery and water-supply management.
• Strengthen village-level operation, maintenance and community participation.
• Improve monitoring, accountability and coordination among implementing agencies.
• Promote the long-term sustainability of drinking-water sources and supply systems.

Important Digital Initiative — Sujal Bharat: The restructured mission provides for a national digital framework called Sujalam Bharat. Under this framework, every village is to receive a unique Sujal Gaon/Service Area ID, allowing the drinking-water supply system to be digitally mapped from the source to the household tap. Background:

• Launch: Jal Jeevan Mission was launched in August 2019.
• Original Goal: Provide functional household tap connections to rural households.
• Earlier Target: The mission initially aimed to achieve its rural tap-water coverage goal by 2024.
• 2026 Reform: The extension to December 2028 focuses on sustainable services, governance reforms and accountability.

Explanation: The President of Finland, Dr. Alexander Stubb, was the Chief Guest at the 11th Raisina Dialogue, held in New Delhi from 5 to 7 March 2026. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the conference on 5 March, and President Stubb delivered the inaugural keynote address. Important Facts:

• Event: 11th Raisina Dialogue.
• Dates: 5–7 March 2026.
• Venue: Taj Palace Hotel, New Delhi.
• Chief Guest: Dr. Alexander Stubb, President of Finland.
• Inaugurated by: Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• Organisers: Observer Research Foundation (ORF) and the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.
• Theme: “Saṁskāra – Assertion, Accommodation, Advancement”.

About the Raisina Dialogue:

• It is India’s flagship conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics.
• It brings together policymakers, diplomats, academics, business leaders, journalists and strategic-affairs experts from around the world.
• The 2026 edition included discussions on international security, climate change, technology, global trade and sustainable development.
• Finland is a Nordic country in Northern Europe and a member of the European Union.
• Dr. Alexander Stubb became President of Finland in March 2024.

Exam Tip: António Costa is the President of the European Council, while Ursula von der Leyen is the President of the European Commission. Neither was the Chief Guest of the 2026 Raisina Dialogue.

Explanation: Remains of a 12th-century temple-style stone pillar were discovered near the Vena River in Hinganghat town, Wardha district, Maharashtra. Researchers associated the carved black-basalt fragments with the Hemadpanti architectural style, which flourished in parts of the Deccan during the medieval period. Important Facts:

• Discovery Location: Hinganghat, Wardha district, Maharashtra.
• Nearby River: Vena River.
• Estimated Period: 12th century, associated with the Seuna or Yadava dynasty.
• Architectural Style: Hemadpanti.
• Material: Black basalt stone.
• Distinctive Features: Carefully fitted stone blocks, carved pillars and decorative motifs, including lotus designs.
• Possible Original Use: Parts of a temple assembly hall (sabhamandapa) or a temple platform.

What Is Hemadpanti Architecture?

• It is a medieval temple-building tradition associated with the Deccan region, particularly present-day Maharashtra.
• It is traditionally linked to Hemadri, also known as Hemadpant, a minister and scholar associated with the Yadava court.
• Its characteristic construction technique involves fitting stone blocks together with little or no conventional lime mortar.
• Temples in this tradition commonly feature stone pillars, carved details and geometrically arranged masonry.

Comparison of Major Indian Temple Styles: Conservation Significance: The discovery highlights the medieval cultural history of the Vidarbha region. Researchers have called for a detailed archaeological assessment and appropriate protection of the exposed stone fragments.

Explanation: On 5 March 2026, Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah unveiled the two mascots for Census 2027 in New Delhi: Pragati, the female enumerator, and Vikas, the male enumerator. They are intended to make census-related communication more approachable and encourage public participation. Important Facts:

• Event: Unveiling of Census 2027 mascots and digital tools.
• Date: 5 March 2026.
• Venue: New Delhi.
• Unveiled by: Amit Shah, Union Home Minister.
• Female Mascot: Pragati.
• Male Mascot: Vikas.
• Developed Digital Platforms: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).
• Responsible Authority: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Why Were the Mascots Introduced?

• They serve as friendly and recognisable characters for explaining census procedures.
• They symbolise the participation of women and men in the national census exercise.
• They will help communicate information about census objectives and procedures to diverse communities.

Key Features of Census 2027:

• First Digital Census: Census 2027 is planned as India’s first census conducted digitally.
• Self-Enumeration: For the first time, people will have an option to submit their information through a self-enumeration facility.
• Two Phases: The census is planned in two phases, beginning with house-listing and housing census operations.
• House-listing Block Creator: A digital mapping tool to help officials create and standardise house-listing blocks.
• Purpose: Provide updated demographic and housing data for planning public services and development programmes.

Exam Note: The 2027 exercise is India’s next decennial population census after the 2011 Census. The 2021 Census was postponed.

Explanation: Dol Jatra, also known as Dol Purnima or Dol Utsav, was celebrated in West Bengal on 3 March 2026. The festival is associated with Lord Krishna and Radha, devotional singing, processions and the playful application of coloured powder. Important Facts:

• Festival: Dol Jatra or Dol Purnima.
• Date in 2026: 3 March 2026.
• Correct State: West Bengal.
• Religious Association: Radha and Krishna.
• Traditional Activities: Devotional songs, kirtan, processions and applying coloured powder.
• Season: Spring, around the full-moon day of the Hindu month of Phalguna.

Cultural Significance:

• In Bengal, the festival is associated with Vaishnava traditions and the worship of Radha-Krishna.
• Images of Radha and Krishna may be carried in decorated palanquins during processions.
• People exchange colours and greetings, while temples and communities organise devotional programmes.
• Dol Jatra is closely related to the broader Holi celebrations, although local customs and names vary by region.

Related Festivals:

• Dol Jatra: Celebrated in West Bengal.
• Dola Purnima: Observed in Odisha and associated with Lord Krishna.
• Holi: The festival of colours celebrated in many parts of India.

Exam Note: The Government of West Bengal’s 2026 public-holiday list identifies Doljatra on 3 March 2026, followed by the Holi holiday on 4 March.

Explanation: Anveshi Jain is an Indian actress, model and social media personality who gained widespread public recognition after appearing in the web series Gandii Baat 2 in 2019. Her glamorous public image, bold on-screen appearances and strong online presence have contributed to her popularity. Career and Public Image:

• Profession: Actress, model and digital personality.
• Breakthrough: Her appearance in Gandii Baat 2 brought her wider recognition.
• Public Image: She is particularly associated with glamorous styling and bold on-screen roles.
• Digital Presence: She has built a substantial following through social media and entertainment-related content.

Reported ED Questioning in 2025: News reports published on 23 September 2025 stated that Anveshi Jain appeared before the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in New Delhi for questioning in connection with an investigation into the alleged illegal betting platform 1xBet. Reports said the agency was examining possible financial links and promotional activities associated with the platform. Important Legal Clarification:

• Being called for questioning does not by itself establish guilt or criminal liability.
• The investigation concerned alleged activities associated with a betting platform; a person’s appearance before an agency should not be presented as proof of wrongdoing.
• The ED investigates suspected financial offences, including cases that may involve the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

News Reports:

• Mint / ANI — Actor-influencer Anveshi Jain arrives at ED office in alleged betting-app case, 23 September 2025.
• The Indian Express / PTI — Report on the 1xBet investigation and Anveshi Jain’s appearance before the ED, 23 September 2025.
• Moneycontrol / PTI — Report on the ED’s online betting-app investigation, 23 September 2025.

Correct Answer: Option (C)